china grassland animals

It is famous for its two large lakes -- Hulun Lake and Buir Lake of Inner Mongolia. goats, horses, camels, and sheep. Overgrazing has extensively degraded Chinese grasslands. We would be happy to tailor-make a memorable Hulunbuir Grassland tour for you. 0000008115 00000 n 0000006430 00000 n 0000009919 00000 n One of Earth's loneliest volcanoes holds an extraordinary secret. Like other rodents, it has a small size and claws that are adapted to digging tunnels. When the short grasses of the . 0000005019 00000 n The lifespan of gophers is five years and they can survive despite the threats from known predators like snakes. Knowledgeable, enthusiastic, and attentive your personal local guides will This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal variation in grassland vegetation coverage, forage supply . The horse and bow were important hunting tools and war weapons for Mongolian peoples since ancient times. Remote sensing technology revealed these parks were aggressively expanding roads, power lines, and public buildings that damaged sensitive ecological areas. [9], The 1985 Rangeland Law defined the Pasture Household Contract Responsibility System (short: the Pasture Contract System) under which individuals and collectives could contract collective or state rangeland. 0000008967 00000 n Numerous sheep, horses and cattle as well as some tents resting on the grassland can be seen from a good view. A core mission of Chinas national parks is to promote eco-civilizationa mission that can be advanced by involving visitors, says Brody, a National Geographic Explorer and founder of Panda Mountain, an ecotourism and conservation organization. Nearby, a spotless concrete walkway leads to a new community center in the heart of Chinas new Giant Panda National Park. 2. China is home to 21 primate species including gibbons, macaques, leaf monkeys, gray langurs, snub-nosed monkeys and lorises. Unlike the African buffalo, the bison has a round hump and are heavy. The Endangered Species Import and Export Management Office of the People's Republic of China Wildlife Conservation Department of National Forestry and Grassland Administration Telephone +86 (10) 8423 8445 Fax +86 (10) 8423 9680 Websites http://www.cites.gov.cn Email [email protected] Mailing address 18 Hepingli East Street, Bats and agaves make tequila possibleand theyre both at risk, This empress was the most dangerous woman in Rome. Discover the hidden gems. Every reply will be within 24 hours. People can only see them mainly in the natural preservation areas. Almost all of Hulunbuir Prefecture lies on the flat Mongolian Plateau, which is a loess plateau that is significantly more fertile than the average clay-and-sand grassland. 0000008683 00000 n Please note that this reference is a brief summary of each location developed for young students unfamiliar with China's rich and complicated habitats and topography. As herbivores, they feed on vegetation in the grassland. ( Read more about the new panda. Wrestling and archery are the most typical activities and enjoy a great popularity around the world. It is located northeast of Hunlunbeir, Inner Mongolia, northern China, and covers a vast area of 250, 557 square kilometers. Others were relocated to large towns and cities. Located in the northeast corner of China, Hulunbuir has a temperate continental climate and very low temperatures in winter. China has 7.4% of the world's large animals but accounts for only 0.9% of world beef production (Huang, 1989). The Long-billed Curlew has a big mouth! 0000002672 00000 n Forest ranger Meng Ji stands in front of a map of a community reserve thats now part of Giant Panda National Park. Before you enter a tribal settlement, the herdsmen will first toast you with wine, welcome you with songs and dances, and present you with a hada (a Tibetan ceremonial silk scarf). Predators like the puma or jaguar frequently hunt down this animal, but the giant anteater avoids them by galloping away. 0000028114 00000 n [3] It needs to be noted that there is contention about the extent to which degradation has taken or is taking place. Located in the northeast of Hunlunbeir, Inner Mongolia, northern China, and covering a large area of 250, 557 square kilometers, Hulunbuir Grassland is well protected and praised as one of China's most beautiful and amazing grasslands. 0000039408 00000 n All rights reserved. In 1972 the first Department of Grassland Science in China was set up and in 1984 the first Ph. The new system aims to benefit wildlife and people alike, but balancing conservation with the development of a tourism industry can be tricky. How a zoo break-in changed the life of an owl called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds. Guanba, ChinaDriving along a misty road last year, hemmed in by a steep forested ravine, Im startled to see a 10-foot-tall cartoon panda mural suddenly loom ahead, resembling a scene from the film Kung Fu Panda. Following this immigration are packs of predators. 0000004103 00000 n China 0000012159 00000 n Hulunbuir Grassland Hulunbuir Grassland was spoken highly of in an ancient Chinese poem as a place where "the sky is blue and the grass is boundless; when the grass bows in the wind, the horses and sheep will appear". Also known as the giant ant bear, the giant anteater feeds on ants, insects, and termites depending on the season of the grasslands. Date of Electronic Publication or other Date, such as Last Updated. Most of China's primate species are endangered. Dressed in a pale cinnamon wash, this plump North American bird is known for its football-shaped body, and a long, thin curved bill. [9] Longworth and Williamson for instance noted that the policy does not exist at the village and household level. %PDF-1.4 % Then, in June, the National Forestry and Grassland Administration and the Ministry of Agriculture issued a consultation draft of an update to China's list of protected animals - an important adjunct to the Wildlife Protection Law. [10] The Ministry of Agriculture envisioned four different stages in putting the pasture contract system into effect:[11]. That often involves compromise. The Siberian, or Amur, tiger ( P. tigris altaica) is the largest, measuring up to 4 metres (13 feet) in total length and weighing up to 300 kg (660 pounds). Minke whales Still be present regularly (although very rare to observe live individuals) in Yellow and Bohai sea (resident group), Zhoushan, and in any coastal and oceanic island areas (e.g. flexibility, which is impossible on a group tour. China possesses vast grassland resources that include alpine meadow, tundra, steppe and desert. The two-story centers glossy wood and bright stone facade contrast with Guanbas aging houses, topped with mossy roof tiles. (Read about efforts to reintroduce pandas into the wild.). Already, these test parkswhich should be officially approved by the end of 2020cover an area two-thirds the size of the U.S. national park system. China contains a diverse number of habitats, from forests: boreal (taiga), deciduous, coniferous, mixed, and tropical forests to grasslands (steppes), deserts and mangroves. You can ride on camels and horses, watch wrestling and horse racing, eat a 'lamb feast' with a "grassland flavor", and enjoy an ethnic bonfire party in the evening the unique lifestyle of Mongol nomads can be fully appreciated. The experts all agree that though there are some bright spots in Chinas new park system, its too early to predict how the parks will affect conservation and local livelihoods long-term. 0000008018 00000 n The roughly 5,000-year-old human remains were found in graves from the Yamnaya culture, and the discovery may partially explain their rapid expansion throughout Europe. 0000038621 00000 n The sunset on the far horizon, as the grassland turns gold, is intoxicating. You can also go horseback riding and experience the country life of the rural Mongolian culture. Nowadays, Uighur people still call Qilian the "heavenly mountain." Its produce, like meat, milk, leather, wool, and other animal products, are favored by people both domestically and in other countries. 0000007634 00000 n 0000010589 00000 n This makes up more than 18% of the entire world population. 0000010398 00000 n Experience local culture by practicing it. Many streams and springs cross the grassland, and vigorous forests cover the lion's share of the area. activities, and unveil the stories behind the sights and people. In 2011, the local government carved off 200 feet from the 8,000-foot summit to create level space for the airport, which would increase access to the UNESCO heritage site, home to rare species such as the golden snub-nosed monkey and clouded leopard. Grasslands cover 25 percent of the worlds surface and it is the preferred habitat for animals like the wildebeest, coyote, and pronghorn. Tours, Yangtze You can also take a horseback ride on the endless grassland or just relax on the giant carpet of green, watch the clearbluesky, and breath the fresh air. "Narat" means "the place where sunshine first appears". The human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) was developed to estimate the intensity of human activities in natural ecosystems, which is still unclear in the Xinjiang grasslands. Justtell us your travel needs. 0000003016 00000 n Hb```c`> Z @vs2'YHTI5Oksr*j&/V8zLoZ6nMgd* Lf\r-ug|_$bzri=gd^LJ>zu_Nx^63[3o|,>^f{n~r}:2rz_2Xdj\ZZZFh CYlP%@1TQPHII)%4a66j j*C;08 >_t.Ex9;CX;2;a`CnX&4p*x2y9La(04(e!2F lx@'& M)0tK0.``+i`\Az You can reach Hailar either by flight or train. knowledge About 75 percent of visitors who stay at least three days see the feline, according to Terry Townshend, a consultant with Shan Shui Conservation Center, one of Chinas largest conservation nonprofits, and an advisor for the Paulson Institute. 0000002912 00000 n Staying in a tent, enjoying some authentic, delicious local food and experiencing the culture of the grassland, such as yak-butter tea and roasted mutton, can be very fantastic. 0000010207 00000 n Can we bring a species back from the brink? Quantities of historical catches of humpbacks on southern coasts of the nation were small hence it is difficult to detect the original population size before exploitations. 0000062511 00000 n To that end, the Giant Panda National Park combines 77 protected areas to set aside 70 percent of the giant pandas total habitat. We passed a jar of honey around for dessert, dipping our chopsticks straight into the golden honeycomb as the farmer proudly told us he had already sold out his stock for the summer. Historically, grasslands in China have been used for centuries as important animal husbandry production bases in association with the concurrent evolution of nomadic nationalities and their characteristic cultures across the broad areas of northern China. 0000012722 00000 n 0000004170 00000 n 0000009252 00000 n The sustainability of grassland ecosystems in the region has been seriously challenged in recent years. Scroll down to find key travel info and things to do on Hulunbuir Grassland, orcontact our Inner Mongolia expertfor more information.. It is the best-preserved grassland at present in China and has more than 120 kinds of pasture, such as alfalfa and wheat grass, hence it is known as "The Grass Kingdom". The style of citing shown here is from the MLA Style Citations (Modern Language Association). A key wildlife corridor, it connects reserves to the north and south. 0000009346 00000 n With the most plentiful and excellent pastures in China, Hulunbuir also has the name "The Purest Prairie" since there is hardly any pollution there. [1], In the arid and semi-arid regions, large tracts of grassland consist of steppe, semi-desert or desert, with low or very low forage production. But theres hope that existing ecotourism projects will inspire efforts elsewhere in the new park system, experts say. trailer << /Size 494 /Info 373 0 R /Root 379 0 R /Prev 240173 /ID[<2e4761f24b0a4f8fe61446fda7abbb33><217a4f74e5d1e7d593258f599a97f961>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 379 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 376 0 R /Metadata 374 0 R /Outlines 384 0 R /Threads 380 0 R /Names 382 0 R /OpenAction [ 383 0 R /FitH 852 ] /PageMode /UseOutlines /PageLabels 372 0 R >> endobj 380 0 obj [ 381 0 R ] endobj 381 0 obj <> /F 409 0 R >> endobj 382 0 obj << /Dests 370 0 R >> endobj 492 0 obj << /S 514 /O 758 /E 774 /L 790 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 493 0 R >> stream During winter, the coyote feeds on fruits and large quantities of grass. "Title: Subtitle of Part of Web Page, if appropriate." Nadaam Festival is held twice a year on Hulunbuir Grassland. Yet these vast grasslands cannot feed the animals they are home to, which together account for one-third of China's livestock. 0000006759 00000 n 1. 0000006650 00000 n A mans world? The grasslands provide animals with a variety of diets like grass, shrubs, twigs and even fellow animals for prey. (See beautiful photos of Chinas countryside.). This area is threatened due to increasing human population that the government has encouraged in an effort to turn this land into agricultural land. grasslands in China occur in the northern temperate zone (Sun 2005), constituting an integral part of the Eurasian grassland ecosystem to the east of . You may find flocks grazing around your yurt, and the bleeting early in the morning may wake you up. 2. 1. Festivals, Chinese While the pandemic may hinder investment more broadly in conservation, the establishment of national parks is a top priority for the Chinese government, Niu says. "China - Habitats, Animals and Activities" Exploring Nature Educational Resource 2005-2023. Food, Train Stations And, as the only large-scale habitat of this type in Asia, they provide a rare refuge for native wildlife such as argali sheep, gazelles, snow leopards, demoiselle cranes, cinereous vultures and saigaa critically endangered antelope. The wonderful performances of horse racing, wrestling, and archery will bring you a sense of the skill and strengths of the Mongol people. 0000016405 00000 n While these guidelines exist on paper, scholars have questioned the actual practice of the Pasture Contract System. Hulunbuir Grassland is well preserved and celebrated as one of China's most beautiful and impressive grasslands. China Highlights has listed the six most spectacular grasslands and pastures in China here for you. Shennongjia National Park is another striking example of altering habitat to promote tourism. Contact us via WeChat: chinahighlightstour, The 15 Most Beautiful Places in China (#7 Will Impress You), The 15 Most Popular Chinese Dishes, Tasty Chinese Food, How to Deal with Culture Shock in China More Easily, How to Plan a First Trip to China 5 Easy Steps, 8-Day China Golden Triangle by High-Speed Rail, 8-Day Qinghai Lake, Zhangye, and Dunhuang Tour, 8-Day BeijingXi'anShanghai Private Tour. He patrols the bamboo forests for days at a time, watching for poachers and setting up infrared cameras to monitor wildlife, including the five pandas in the area. Known for producing pelts which are used for making shaving belts, the badger is a sturdy animal that lives in the grasslands in North America. Its been incredibly successful., In 2019, Angsai became the first community tourism franchise in a pilot park to be approved by the federal government, he adds. China is mountainous with many distinct ranges, each with their own mix of habitats. With only a few exceptions, the Grazing Ban has been unfavorably evaluated by a variety of studies. The giant anteater can be found in the grasslands of South and Central America. In 2016 the International Union for Conservation of Nature reclassified the giant panda from endangered to vulnerable., While panda populations are improving, those of other at-risk species have not. China Tours The review showed that accurate monitoring of grassland . Now, it is impossible to see these endangered animals in the original in-habitation areas in the wild. The mixing of air and bodily secretions allows. They are well adapted to harsh winters of China. 0000008778 00000 n 0000011285 00000 n Grasslands are the dominant landscape in China, accounting for 40% of the national land area. 0000038857 00000 n The Wilson Centers Turner, for instance, fears that 2020s economic blows will make Chinas biodiversity and conservation goals more difficult. and 0000014978 00000 n China Travel Restrictions 2023 & Travel Advisory. It's the place where Genghis Khan was born and is also a famous tourist area. 0000009536 00000 n Here are our most popular Inner Mongolia tours for inspiration: Your tour will be tailor-made by your personal travel advisor a destination For this vision to succeed, so must the people who rely on the land, says Li Xinrui, who helps manage a community cooperative within the Guanba Community Nature Reserve. Besides, the country didnt have the experience to manage so many aspects.. What if we could clean them out? Cattle and horses as well as some Mongolian yurts are sporadically scattered across the land as well. 1. 0000013273 00000 n Several states in the US and Canada have put in place measures to limit the hunting of Pronghorns to prevent the species from extinction. . 0000008872 00000 n 0000008398 00000 n 0000006157 00000 n [18] This example shows that aside from nature conservation and environmental protection, grassland policies often simultaneously serve wider interests. 0000004456 00000 n The main advantage here over the European Bison is that the American species can be domesticated since they get along with ordinary cattle. [13] In response to the implementation difficulties of the pasture contract system, scholars and officials within the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture have suggested that the responsibility of management and control for rangelands should be vested in the collective, be it the administrative or natural village, or smaller traditional social groups. It reaches almost one-fifth of the way around the Earth. Heres the technology that helped scientists find itand what it may have been used for. Reasons for failure include the ill-adapted nature to ecological realities of the pastoral area[21][22] and its commandist or top-down manner of implementation. The new year once started in Marchhere's why, Jimmy Carter on the greatest challenges of the 21st century, This ancient Greek warship ruled the Mediterranean, How cosmic rays helped find a tunnel in Egypt's Great Pyramid, Who first rode horses? 0000028091 00000 n [23][24] Other problems are found in the administration, standards and payment of subsidies,[25][26] along with rent-seeking by local cadres and adverse effects on income and livelihood. Located in the center of Inner Mongolia, Xilingol Grassland (translation: the rivers on the highlands) is another fabulous grassland area on the Inner-Mongolian plateau and covers an area of 10,786 square kilometers. Animals of China Coloring Pages:Bustard (Great)Camel (Bactrian)Elephant (Asian)Hare (Arctic)Leopard (Clouded)Leopard (Snow)Owl (Great Grey)Panda (Giant)Saiga AntelopeSun BearTakinTigerWolverineYak, Animals of China Labeling Pages:Bustard (Great)Camel (Bactrian)Elephant (Asian)Hare (Arctic)Leopard (Clouded)Leopard (Snow)Owl (Great Grey)Panda (Giant)Saiga AntelopeTigerWolverineYak. The gopher is a rodent which uses tunnels as a means of protection and gathers food. Scent marking is employed to mark their territory off from other intruders. 0000014218 00000 n When they fought against a demon for love and the safety of the prairie, the girl turned into a lake and drowned the demon, then the boy jumped into the lake for the girl and another lake was formed, thus creating the two lakes of Hulun and Buir. 0000011532 00000 n Author Last Name, First Name(s). We explored the effects of grazing herbivore assembl Over the phone, Li said he wasnt surprised. 0000009441 00000 n Chinese: Hlnbi'r Dcoyun / hoo-lwnn-bay-urr daa-tsao-ywen/ 'Hulunbuir Grassland' Area: 100,000 sq km (38,610 sq mi) Recommended visit duration: 1-2 days Popular activities: boundless grassland, flocks and herds, wild animals and flowers, horseback riding Suited to: anyone, especially nature and culture lovers Due to the Grazing Bans merging with other policies, there is considerable confusion regarding its relation with the Herds for Grass Program (of which it is a part) and the Payment for Grassland Services (to which it is an addition). A vast region with beautiful scenery, lush plants, over 3,000 crisscrossing rivers and 500 lakes dotted around, Hulunbuir Prairie is like a huge, green picture scroll, which gives you boundless views. When the common people can have good income and lives, thats when protection efforts will be effective in conserving nature.. A National Geographic team has made the first ascent of the remote Mount Michael, looking for a lava lake in the volcanos crater. The mobility skills of this animal are remarkable as it can swim across rivers no matter the size. The grasslands provide the wildebeest with a rich diet of foliage and suitable place to breed. Every winter, a large number of yellow sheep come to forage in the area. Take the remote Tibetan village Angsai, which lies on the banks of the upper Mekong River within Sanjiangyuan National Park. The fur blends well with the grasslands as it employs cunning tactics in hunting down elusive prey like the Pronghorn and formidable ones like the Bison. Photographs courtesy Shan Shui Conservation Center. Most are located on the plateaus, where the air is clean and fresh. These tents are used as dining locations as well as accommodations for visitors. In addition, some Mongolian yurts are also scattered on the grassland, looking like many little stars embellishing the sky. Of the total of around 393 million hectares of grassland in China, 84 percent or 331 million hectares is deemed usable for grazing. Long-billed Curlew (Numenius americanus) Long-billed Curlew. (Read more about the new panda park.). At a distance of 120 kilometers from Ganzhou city and located at the foot of Qilian mountain, Qinghai province, in the northwest of China, Qilian Mountain Grassland has an average elevation of between 4,000 and 5,000 meters above sea level. Its name was derived from the Russian explorer, Nikolai Przelwalski, who discovered the wild horse on an expedition. 0000005453 00000 n 0000024763 00000 n Title: Subtitle: Section of Page if appropriate. If you continue browsing, you agree to the Pasture Household Contract Responsibility System, National Development and Reform Commission, "Xianyou zhengce daduo pingjia fumian, caoyuan guanli buneng 'yi dao qie' [Existing policies mostly receive a negative evaluation, grassland management cannot be 'one size fits all']", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grasslands_of_China&oldid=1067115851, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 January 2022, at 20:28. "", Chinese bats likely source of SARS virus, researchers report, "Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses", "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats", "Conservation needs of amphibians in China: A review", "Biogeography and hotspots of amphibian species of China: Implications to reserve selection and conservation", "Biodiversity surveys reveal eight new species of freshwater crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) from Yunnan Province, China", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_China&oldid=1139457544, Right whales Yellow Sea (especially adjacent to the island of, Based on studies to indicate possible coastal forging grounds, wintering distributions quite possibly included areas along, Gray and humpback whales Yellow and Bohai Sea such as at, Only about 130 gray whales survive today, but some recent studies indicate that the original Asian population might have been functionally extinct, and those whales seen on. The assessment, or in some cases re-assessment, of range boundaries between collectives and the consequent allocation of rangeland user rights to collectives and households. Cannot wait to visit Hulunbuir Grassland? Our results showed . Li Xinrui, who returned to his hometown after years of migrant work, now works as a ranger at the Giant Panda National Park. This study, thus . 0000056388 00000 n The aobao ('heap of stones') is surrounded by more stones with burning cypress joss sticks. 0000008211 00000 n Located in the northeast of Inner Mongolia, Hulunbuir Grassland is one of the top famous grasslands in the world with natural grassland coverage of about 80%. In August, infrared cameras captured a panda inside one of these corridors in Giant Panda National Park, the first such sighting since their construction began in 2002, according to the Chinese news agency Xinhua. It is found in grasslands from China and Russia in the east, to Spain and Morocco in the west. their way. 0000009728 00000 n 0000014627 00000 n Ili Grassland. 0000007442 00000 n "Qilian" is a Hun Chinese term referring to the "heavenly mountain." The following pages each describe one of China's habitats or region of habitats with a locater map and the wildlife you might expect to see there. will be within 24 hours. This paper reports a grassland classification system called the Integrated Orderly Classification System of Grassland (IOCSG), which was formulated through . These animals can sniff it out. 0000067041 00000 n The inventory, known as the List of Wildlife under Special State Protection, has been largely unchanged since 1988. Since the 1960s, distribution ranges of the snow leopard, gray wolf, and dholea type of wild dogin giant panda nature reserves have decreased by over 75 percent, the research found. Day Month Year of access < URL >. Both apes and monkeys, particularly gibbons and macaques are prominently featured in Chinese culture, folk religion, art and literature. All rights reserved, domestic animals have already damaged up to a third of Wanglangs panda habitat, existing Chinese nature reserves work in ecotourism, a $3 billion industry, See beautiful photos of Chinas countryside, according to the Chinese news agency Xinhua, reclassified the giant panda from endangered to vulnerable, Read about efforts to reintroduce pandas into the wild. The Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy (abbreviated as GECP), which aims to realize the ecological protection by reducing the stock-carrying capacity of pastures and promote the transformation of pasture animal husbandry by improving the herders' breeding methods, has been a major project in China's grassland pastoral areas and grassland ecological construction. For one, the government has not announced a plan to create a backcountry camping and permitting system, similar to U.S. parks, that would regulate how people enjoy nature. However, the badger belongs to the Taxon Mephiditae family. 0000024740 00000 n More details can be found in our privacy policy. "Identification Guide for Marine Mammals In the South China Sea", "Description of a new record species of whales from Chinese coastal waters", "Distribution of Sperm Whale in the coastal areas of China", 20175&,, "About the accidents in history of Southeastern Sant peninsula", "A Baird's Beaked Whale From the East China Sea", Small Cetaceans of Japan: Exploitation and Biology. So [by] having more opportunities for Chinese people to visit these parks, I think the general awareness of the Chinese people on conservation issues will be enhanced and support for conservation will be stronger., Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. 0000009632 00000 n [15] The sedentarization of nomadic herders (dingju youmumin) should not be confused with the term 'ecological resettlement' (shengtai yimin), that has often been used interchangeably. Water is also a reason why the wildebeest migrates during dry seasons to other grasslands where water it is readily available. How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? It is believed that a major proportion of Chinas grasslands have been degraded or desertified to varying degrees. China contains a diverse number of habitats, from forests: boreal (taiga), deciduous, coniferous, mixed, and tropical forests to grasslands (steppes), deserts and mangroves. Explore destinations at your own pace. [9], The Grazing Ban and its implementation have been received in overly negative terms. China's many varieties of grassland cover an area of 1 billion acres. Sponsoring/Publishing Agency, If Given. oBa;SVnau{st"4nRXpu.0xx>es107,3b| C` endstream endobj 493 0 obj 629 endobj 383 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 375 0 R /Resources 447 0 R /Contents [ 463 0 R 465 0 R 467 0 R 469 0 R 471 0 R 473 0 R 480 0 R 482 0 R ] /Annots [ 407 0 R 408 0 R ] /B [ 409 0 R 411 0 R 412 0 R 413 0 R 414 0 R 415 0 R 416 0 R 417 0 R 418 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 384 0 obj << /Count 22 /First 385 0 R /Last 385 0 R >> endobj 385 0 obj << /Title (Grassland ecosystems in China: review of current knowledge and research \ advancement) /Dest (head1) /Parent 384 0 R /First 386 0 R /Last 387 0 R /Count 21 >> endobj 386 0 obj << /Title (Introduction) /Dest (head2) /Parent 385 0 R /Next 406 0 R >> endobj 387 0 obj << /Title (References) /Dest (head22) /Parent 385 0 R /Prev 388 0 R >> endobj 388 0 obj << /Title (Future research outlooks) /Dest (head21) /Parent 385 0 R /Prev 389 0 R /Next 387 0 R >> endobj 389 0 obj << /Title 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