true altitude formula

The altitude of a triangle is important because it determines the height of the triangle, which allows for finding the area of the triangle. Refraction: All rays of light passing through atmosphere bend towards the normal as they approach the earth. Using the formula above, we would calculate the pressure altitude as follows: Pressure Altitude = (29.92 - 29.52) x 1,000 + 4,000. In case of the moon, the variation in SD is significant & an additional correction, which increases with SD, must be applied. This of course indicates that you have to know what mean sea level is, which is actually what is generally just called "sea level". Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. standard atmosphere with XC of variation. what your elevation is). Introducing investors was one the obvious intent, but their willingness to also roll their sleeves up and refer contacts in their network who could be customers, is what sets them apart. latitudes, longitudes and true courses will be assumed to be given in radians, greatly simplifying them, and in applications the above formulae and their inverses are necessary to convert back and forth between natural and practical units. With Std Alt and OAT (calculate using a 2C/1000ft, at 8500ft) comes to -11C, set in your Aviat (or similar), read above 7600ft QHH alt, true alt on the outer scale: 7300ft. The corrections given as refraction, correction for parallax and parallax in altitude where specified is given as total correction in the nautical almanac. This is the best approximation for the actual or true altitude based on our data. However, being a mechanical aid it is possible that the sextant may not indicate the correct altitude. Now that you know what density altitude is and why it's important, it's time to learn how to calculate it. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? (b) Find the radius (kilometers) when the true anomaly is 100. This is still not the one that's going to be changing constantly based on where you're flying and the terrain below you, but we'll get to that one at the end of this piece! 8500ft-907,5ft=7592,5ft. Example 1: You are flying at 8000 ft indicated (or calibrated), your temperature instrument reads 4.6 o C for true air temperature (see note), and the altitude of the airport you obtained your altimeter setting is 1230 ft. Additionally, while maintaining altitude you momentarily set your altimeter to 29.92 inHg to find that the pressure . negative sign before it. MathJax reference. True altitude in particular is just the height above MSL, but other altitudes may not use it at all. To someone that's just getting into aviation or to anyone that isn't into aviation at all, it might seem like there is just one altitude. A hyperbolic earth departure trajectory has a perigee altitude of 250 km and a perigee speed of 11 km/s. Visible Horizon is the circular line limiting the observers view at sea. Determining the right funding option for your business. SkyTough.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon. This can result in inadequate obstacle clearance. TheNauticalAlmanac.com is included. Ground Speed (GS) Groundspeed is the actual speed of the airplane over the ground. For example, if the temperature at 3,000ft pressure altitude is 12C, the density altitude formula will be: DA = 3,000 + (120 x (12 - 9)) Note: 9 is the ISA temp (C) for 3,000ft; PA = Field Elevation + 145366.45 [ 1 ( QNH m b 1013.25) 0.190284] To convert QHN from inches of mercury to milibar: QNH m b = QNH i n H g 33.86388 QNH is often given in hectopascal (hPa) which is the same an millibar. Pressureindicated altitude with . At 10,000 feet, you are flying approximately 20% faster than your indicated airspeed. In algorithms for matrix multiplication (eg Strassen), why do we say n is equal to the number of rows and not the number of elements in both matrices? Hypsometric formula h= ((P 0 P) 1 5.2571)(T +273.15) 0.0065 H y p s o m e t r i c f o r m u l a h = ( ( P 0 P) 1 5.257 1) ( T + 273.15) 0.0065. 30ft (~8m) / mB (hPa) the difference to standard altimeter of 1013,25 hPa, is -30,25hPa. Absolute Altitude is height above ground level (AGL). It will also change from minute to minute. Something went wrong while submitting the form. Note: the nautical mile is currently defined to be 1852 meters - TAT is normally higher than true air temperature (T), also known as outside air temperature (OAT), because as the aircraft pushes the air, the air gets compressed. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. In other words, it's your height above the ground below you at any given time, and will always be changing depending on the terrain you're flying over. Then, place the ladder in such a way that one of its ends exactly touches the to. In an isosceles triangle the altitude is: h = a2 b2 4 h = a 2 b 2 4. 1. And measuring that is as simple as using an altimeter! 1P together then divide them by 2. The value given here is calculated using the distance of the body from the earths centre, which gives the SD for observer with moon on the rational horizon. ISA at FL300 (30,000 feet). As we can see, a 35000 ft altitude is within the troposphere where temperature decreases with altitude. One of the best ways to understand density altitude is that it's the pressure altitude after it's been corrected by nonstandard temperatures (and other conditions). So in our case, if our temperature instrument is measuring total air temperature (TAT) of 11 oC , we have: 1) TAT = 11 oC (a given, not a calculated value) Are there different types of zero vectors? This video covers basic altimetry theory, using the CRP-5, and a useful equation to calculate true altitude. The ASI will indicate less than TAS when the air density decreases due to increase in altitude or temperature. Subtract this altitude from pressure alt, results in QNH Alt. When To Flare For Smooth Landings (Data By Plane), Scared Of Taking Off In A Plane: How To Fly Without Fear, How To Perform A GUMPS Check Before Every Flight, Five Common Causes Of Pilot Deviation (And How To Avoid It), How Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Works In Aviation, The Differences Between Part 61 And 141 Flight Training. The angular depression of the visible horizon below the sensible horizon is called as the Dip. Christian Science Monitor: a socially acceptable source among conservative Christians? 1. So let's start with the basics, what is density altitude? Enter the 8000 value. your Sextant to the Height of The most common type in use today is the barometric altimeter, which measures pressure to determine altitude. Relationship of true and calibrated (indicated) altitude: In the temperature rise calculator, begin by highlighting the field that corresponds to true airspeed in knots. Another way of putting this is that this amounts to an error of 500 feet at 12,000 feet MSL. True altitude can be determined in a couple of ways: 1. Temperature and Pressure Correction for Refraction. dev.= Temperature Deviation from IsA temperature at that level Share Improve this answer Follow answered Sep 22, 2019 at 18:17 Lakhbir Singh 1 Looking for support on growing your business? Reach out to our team today. The planets also show phases just like the moon.We need to take into account this factor when correcting the altitude of planets in order therefore to allow for parallax and the effect of phase shown by the planet additional corrections for planets is to be allowed in addition to the total correction. As we just talked about, knowing your indicated altitude is super easy because it's just what your altimeter reads. But as you said, this is an approximation. This is called Horizontal Parallax. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. It is spelled out for us by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) as being. Step 1. This gives true altitude. Lastly, let's touch on absolute altitude since people often get it confused with true altitude. negative sign before it. your DR Latitude enter a The assumption is that temperature decays linearly with altitude, which may not necessarily be the case, True Altitude= P.A. d) The Sun is further away and has a smaller Parallax that never exceeds 9 of arc. ATPL NAV question - True altitude calculation E.g. The thing about an E6B flight computer is that it's usually actually just a handheld chart with movable parts rather than an actual computer like you would normally think of. , so this gives us an ISA Deviation of -5C. 1. (By "mean" we mean "average", because sea levels do vary with the tides, and the wind causes waves, so mean sea level averages out all these effects to a single "mean" sea level). Now, using the area of a triangle and its height, the base can be easily calculated as Base = [ (2 Area)/Height] Properties of Altitude of a Triangle Unlike some things in aviation, there is no subjectivity to this definition. This is why it's so important to take the temperature into consideration when you're calculating the density altitude. It is primarily used in aircraft performance calculations and in high-altitude flight. from The problem at hand basically means using equation 2 to get the air pressure outside the aircraft, and replacing it back into equation 3 (with the appropriate temperature correction X). In other words, our true airspeed is 13 percent higher than that indicated. First, subtract the ground elevation from the indicated altitude, and divide by 1,000 feet to get a single . Then just move your finger horizontally left until you hit the y-axis and that value will be the density altitude. Where, IAS = Indicated Airspeed A = Mean Sea Level (MSL) Altitude TAS = True Airspeed. I suspect we use "4" for convenience but the actual value is 4.xxx. Re: Finding True Altitude on a CX-3. 2. integral hour. 3P together then divide them by 2. The navigator on the ships bridge when observing any celestial body brings the body down to the line of sea horizon and measures the angle of one of its limb. Press "Eval" and read the answer 6.4 oC on (b). The surface temperature is +3'C and the elevation of the airport is 1789ft. Next highlight the field that corresponds to the pressure altitude in ft. The explanation goes on to find a pressure altitude of 12,000 feet. The horizontal parallax depends on the radius of the earth and the distance of the body from the earths centre. This is a handheld device that's specifically designed to help pilots calculate different aviation-related things, including density altitude. Knowing the precise formula used by manual E6B's (even if they weren't the most accurate formula) would help me recreate the most consistent experience. If OAT is lower than ISA its a neg (-) number. In flight, it can be calculated either by using a flight calculator (E6B also known as a Dalton Computer, or its equivalent). The 2% rule-of-thumb is probably . The more precise equation is also nonlinear. is greater than declination: 2- Latitude Thank you! I don't know the approximation used by E6B, but I do know the official mathematical model used by ICAO. Once you come up with the pressure altitude, you can use either of the methods below to actually determine the density altitude. Then use a DR computer to convert the indicated true altitude to true altitude. Make sure to enter the correct declination But as I got more into it (just like you are now! To quickly calculate your true airspeed while actually in flight to a very close estimate, execute the following instructions. hangs in the sky neither rising nor falling. References to documentation with educational value are especially welcome. Light Is assumed to travel in a straight line at uniform speed if the medium in which it is travelling is uniform. Enter the 1230 value. So when you say you must calculate it exactly, we need to find a different approach. To calculate the density altitude, you need to find the pressure altitude by using the following formula: Pressure Altitude = (29.92 - Altimeter Setting) x 1000 + Field Elevation. Oops! behavior is apparent. When applying the correction keep a good eye for its sign. True altitude can also be referred to as actual altitude and is often expressed in feet. Tan(Ha) Gives good results down to about 8 from the horizon but not less. Index error is defined as the error caused by both the horizon and the index glass not being parallel to each other. Extract the formula for the height of a rectangular-based pyramid using your knowledge of algebra. To calculate the pressure altitude, we can use the following formula: Now before going any further, knowing that the pressure is higher than the ISA, do we expect a higher or lower pressure altitude than just the elevation of the airport? sign! The remaining field is the temperature rise one. Use GPS instead. For example, due to prevailing weather conditions a ship at sea may encounter a . The remaining field is the true altitude one. x Sin(Hc)) That's however not only how altimeters work. But that's just it, this formula rests on the fact that you know your indicated altitude, but even is that? Find Pressure Height - Enter QNH and ELEV or Altitude. My expectations are to reach better average and standard deviation of the difference of two calculated "true altitudes" from two different instruments recording a flight side by side. + Cos(Latitude) x Your submission has been received! When the moon is on the horizon the distance of the observer and the moon and the centre of the earth is about the same. For slow moving aircraft the difference is minimal. }=h+\frac{T_0}{L}\left[1-\left(\frac{\mathrm{QNH}}{P_0}\right)^\frac{R_sL}{g}\right]=3670\mathrm{~m}=12041\mathrm{~ft}\tag{7}$$, $$X=T_\mathrm{OAT}-T_\mathrm{ISA}=T_\mathrm{OAT}-\left(T_0-L\cdot\mathrm{P.A. METHODS First I calculate the ambient pressure. This forum has been developed to discuss flight instruction/University and College programs. But when its something like this one that we all do as pilots commonly, its a pretty straightforward topic to write about! Had to take the wheel with the CX-3 for my exam, in case I got a true altitude question - which I didn't. (Horizon glass not being perpendicular to the plane). Did you know that the Ancients in India without many normal aids had a very good idea as to the movement of the earth and the moon? would you want to determine Hc using a calculator? x Cos(Hc). Set pressure altitude next to outside air temperature in the altitude correction window. Whether you actually correct a sextant or not it would be advisable to check the index error by observing the true and reflected horizon with the sextant clamped at zero. 249, highly accurate, you don't need This is because a high air density altitude can cause an airplane to lose control more easily and can make it harder to recover from a stall or spin. Pressure altitude, as opposed to true altitude, is an important value for calculating performance as it more accurately represents the air content at a particular level. As temperature goes up, the air pressure also goes down, and we start to see similar errors closer . Here are some hints as to what your ballistics calculator needs: Program is asking for just Density Altitude: Use DENS ALT row. No. Why Local The observation of any body can never be carried out from centre of earth or the Celestial Sphere, but will always be made from Surface of the earth. LHA The higher the density altitude, the less lift an airplane will generate and the longer it will take to take off. By the time you're done reading, you'll know what to do next time you get ready to fly. However, If light enters a medium of different density the direction of travel changes. For all intents and purposes, there are two main ways to determine your true altitude: direct measurement and calculating it using other known variables. Zn (azimuth) This angle measured is called as the Sextant altitude of the body. Filling in the formula gives: This means the Pressure Altitude is 952 ft, which is lower than 1411 ft. e) The planets have each a very small Parallax depending on their distance from the earth. Knowing your altitude while flying is incredibly important. Moderators: Sulako, Right Seat Captain, lilfssister, North Shore, sky's the limit, sepia, Post In this article, we will discuss what true altitude is, why it's important, and how it's measured. by Skipper Mon Jan 23, 2006 9:16 pm, Post True altitude is one of the most common types of altitude to use while flying, and it's important to understand what it is and how it's measured. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. So 200 knots indicated is 240 true at 10,000 ft. 200 X 2% = 4 X 10 = 40 + 200 = 240. True Altitude - We Build Great Businesses get in touch menu close We Build Great Businesses Growing a company can be one hell of a journey. Now for practical purposes I realize we don't worry about differences like this and round the result. But there are different types to know, so learn all about true altitude in this complete guide. Altimeters take a QNH and a static pressure in input and spit out an altitude. We can work it out by formula. Pressure altitude = { (Sea Level Pressure - 29.92) x 1,000} + true altitude (or field elevation if on the ground) Pressure Altitude Versus Density Altitude Thank you. b) Parallax increases with the nearness of the body to the earth. 3 averaged times together then divide them by 3. , also known as an E-calculator. I would think the OAT in the example is what your on-board thermometer is showing, so at 12,500 ft, not at sea level. Dev. attribution to the Formula: Pressure Altitude + (120 x [Outside Air Temperature (OAT) - (ISA Temp)]) Example: Pressure Altitude = 600' (as calculated above) OAT: 10C; . The equipment will send out the radar signal, wait for it to bounce back, and automatically calculate your true altitude for you. As the temperature increases, the density of the air decreases. The circle bounding the observers view at sea is called the visible horizon, The plane which passes through the centre of the celestial sphere, and is perpendicular to the observers vertical ZOC, is called the Rational horizon, A circle whose plane is parallel to the plane of rational horizon but passes through the observers eye is called the sensible horizon. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company. The observed altitude is always greater than the the apparent altitude, which is the altitude that a star would be at, if there were no atmosphere (sometimes called "true" altitude). It is indicated altitude corrected for non-standard temperature and pressure. area of a triangle is ( base height). By researching every topic in-depth and combining our findings with personal experience and input from other experts, were confident in the information we post with every article, including teaching you all about true altitude! In simple aircraft, without an air data computer or machmeter, true airspeed can be calculated as a function of calibrated airspeed and local air density (or static air temperature and pressure altitude, which determine density). Using the True Altitude Calculator (1st calculator) . The final sum is the density altitude! Relationship of true and calibrated (indicated) altitude: TA= CA + (CA-FE)* (ISADEV)/ (273+OAT) where TA= True Altitude above sea-level FE= Field Elevation of station providing the altimeter setting CA= Calibrated altitude= Altitude indicated by altimeter when set to the altimeter setting, corrected for calibration error. Latitude and declination Contrary name: Determine Dip using feet- Since the OP is interested in an exact equation, let me take a stab at deriving it (though it's probably late for a 2016 question). the heavenly We subtract the altitude at our current location from 35000 ft and multiply the result by 0.00356 . After placing -20C over 12,000 we find 12,500 (12.5) on the B scale and read the true altitude of 12,000 (12.0) on the outer ring. At this altitude, the air pressure drops from 1013.25 to about 800 hectopascals. This zero error is referred to as the index error and is. If the altitude is more than 11km high above sea level, the hypsometric formula cannot be applied because the temperature lapse rate varies considerably with altitude. Even though sextant is not used for normal navigation, you are reminded that it is one of the best fall back instrument and in any case it is included as a skill that you should acquire as per STCW Convention 2010. The accuracy of total corrections is well within the limits required for practical navigation. Work out any two of the following in your journal, Your email address will not be published. precise altitude using the ambient pressure and the p0, T0 pairs at the specific place and time. This could be considered as obvious. Step 2. That who has forgotten, the following is a revision. The moon also moves in an ellipse and therefore is sometimes closer and sometimes farther away. After all, the words "absolute" and "true" seem to mean similar things in most cases, so do these altitudes actually refer to the same thing? All low altitude approach procedure altitudes in mountainous regions (terrain of 3000 ft AMSL or higher) According to ICAO PANS OPS Chapter 4 "Altimeter Corrections", the pilot-in-command is responsible for the safety of the operation and the safety of the aeroplane and of all persons on board during flight time (Annex 6, 4.5.1). So if you're indicated altitude is 30,000 feet and your SAT at that altitude is -39C. The Suns total correction tables are given for summer & winter months. I'm having a difficult time finding the formula. For this purpose it's useful to solve for $P$ as well: $$P=P_0\left[\left(\frac{\mathrm{QNH}}{P_0}\right)^\frac{R_sL}{g}-\frac{Lh}{T_0}\right]\tag{2}$$, Sometimes, instead of using ISA, it's useful to use ISA +X, i.e. True Altitude is height above mean sea level (MSL). Stuart Tait; Stuart Tait replied the topic: True Altitude - ATPL Navigation. Let's see. An altimeter is a mechanical or electronic instrument used to measure the altitude of an aircraft or other object above a fixed level. If you talk to anyone whos experienced in flying, theyll all tell you that knowing how high youre flying is important at all times. Unlike some things in aviation, there is no subjectivity to this definition. would be entered into the Casio calculator. View example Note 1: If you don't know the Recovery Coefficient (C T) set it to 1.0. The variation in the value of the Suns horizontal Parallax can be considered negligible, and a constant figure used to calculate the Parallax. Enter the 7620 value. 2) T = 4.6 oC In order to do that, they assume that both the QNH and the pressure are values within the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA). Indicatedshown on the aircraft's altimeter when set to current altimeter setting. If the index of refraction change suddenly then the change in direction of travel of light is also sudden. We're a global team of experts, investors and entrepreneurs with a hands-on approach. In extremely cold conditions, to ensure terrain and obstacle clearance, a pilot may need to add an appropriate temperature correction. Did Richard Feynman say that anyone who claims to understand quantum physics is lying or crazy? This allows two values for SD to be used, a mean value for summer months & winter months. 0.97 x (Square Root of He (Height Found inside - Page 2-55You can calculate true altitude with a formula. Formula: TAS = (IAS x OAT Estimation Correction) x (A / 1000) + IAS. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Longitude Sun GHA less than your Longitude) / 15) + GHA The index error is one of the adjustable errors and affects the observations. All answers will be from sailor mouth, who is practically working on board. The pressure altitude is the altitude above the standard datum plane. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. In case of the Sun the earths radius is negligible compared with the earth-Sun distance & no correction is necessary. A ray of light, from celestial body undergoing a similar bending is called astronomical refraction. From the . 4) PA = 7620 ft CXO is called as the Parallax in altitude. Moon being comparatively closer its semi diameter about the same as that of the sun. Add the Performance Regression Testing / Load Testing on SQL Server. CALCULATIONS AND This is pretty much just the altitude that you're used to seeing on your typical aviation altimeter, so nothing too out of the ordinary here. This only works, however, if you're flying over a large body of water like an ocean. What is the true altitude that your aircraft is at? Equation 1 works also in ISA +X but it needs a slight correction: $$h_{ISA~+X}=\frac{T_0+X}{L}\left[\left(\frac{\mathrm{QNH}}{P}\right)^\frac{R_sL}{g}-\left(\frac{P}{P_0}\right)^\frac{R_sL}{g}\right]\tag{3}$$. Easy peasy! Is this ok with you? Total corr includes refraction, parallax andSD. temperature of -20C and the altimeter is set on 30.42 inches of sighting of a light at a larger distance than calculated). After all, as a pilot, you need to worry about a lot of things, and adding one more thing to the list might seem like a bit much. The thing about an E6B flight computer is that it's usually actually just a handheld chart with movable parts rather than an actual computer like you would normally think of. Another reason why density altitude is important has to do with safety. When observing the stars or the planets they appear to be points but when we observe the sun or the moon we observe the disc and we need to determine the centre of the moon or the sun. is latitude and d is declination. Speaking of Siberia, on January 17th, the city of Yakutsk, notoriously known for being one of the coldest places in the world where people live, saw an abnormally long cold snap. Aviation Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for aircraft pilots, mechanics, and enthusiasts. Celestial triangle or calculations of position lines are based onXCR. Altitudes refresher. To use an E6B flight computer to calculate density altitude, you just need to move the temperature ring to align the outside air temperature with the pressure altitude that you calculated above. When you hear pilots talk about the density of the air, they're usually referring to its altitude. For this reason, TAS cannot be measured directly. Before we get into the formulas and ways to calculate density altitude, it's important that you understand what it is. I wanted it to be mathematically true to the paper versions. 2 Answers. time of sights 2A & It's simply what your altimeter reads when it's set to the proper atmospheric conditions (typically standard conditions). ), I quickly learned that there are many different altitudes that mean all sorts of different things. Determine pressure altitude (use given elevation & altimeter setting to figure this out) 2. Altitude (h)= 82 62 4 8 2 6 2 4. 331. Eventually that altitude needs to be converted as an altitude above the rational horizon, which is a line parallel to the sensible horizon, passing through the centre of the earth. (10,000-3000'=7,000' 7*3=21kts 100kts + 21kts=121 kts) Is altitude the same as height? is Contrary name to @dazedandconfused, I've seen some calculations in simulators, but never took the time to truly understand them. He has to apply certain corrections to the refraction effect and these corrections are available in the nautical almanac for standard average conditions and are termed as Mean Refraction. True altitude is the actual elevation above mean sea level. (MSL). This is a handheld device that's specifically designed to help pilots calculate different aviation-related things, including density altitude. Why does secondary surveillance radar use a different antenna design than primary radar? Pressure Altitude = 5,004 ft. 1:Recon QNH altitude, considering lower than ISA SL pressure, you`d have to rotate the Kollsmanswindow down, and with that the altimeter reading. So, let's get started! Parallax is maximum in the case of the moon because of its proximity, less in the case of the sun and nil in the case of the stars. To calculate the pressure altitude, the station pressure must be in units of millibars (m b). 1) If latitude and faster than looking up in Pub. Cos(declination) rev2023.1.18.43173. x Cos(LHA). C. 152 knots. Determine Simply put, true altitude is the elevation about mean sea level (MSL). -30,25*30= -907,5ft. But in order to use either method, you must first find the pressure altitude. Cos-1((Sin(declination) h = 44330 * [ 1 - ( p / p0 ) ^ ( 1 / 5.255) ] h = altitude (m) p = measured pressure (Pa) p0 = reference pressure at sea level. What is the standard temperature used in this true altitude equation? Let's plug those numbers into our formula: TA = 30,000 + (-5 * 30,000 * 4/1000) = 30,000 + (-600) = 29,400 feet. We'll explore the ins and outs of the sky and how to travel through it. We can be reached at [email protected]. Z is Azimuth angle, Casio- Don't worry about the recovery coefficient. Highly professional, willing to support in any way they can, and a real asset on the cap table., SPC Global Ltd was delighted to work with TA (formerly First Penny Investments) on its equity raise that was successfully completed in December 2021. This zero error is referred to as the index error and isOn the arc if the correction is to be subtracted & Off the arc if the correction is to be added to the sextant altitude. The angle of parallax is maximum when the body is on the observers horizon and zero when the body id at the observers zenith. Throw in a time factor using True Airspeed (TAS) expressed in NM per MIN and we can relate this pitch change to a change in VSI; First, lets convert speed to NM/MIN, since the 60-to-1 rule is .

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