how does euthyphro define piety quizlet how does euthyphro define piety quizlet

Socrates explains that he doesn't understand 'looking after'. Euthyphro objects that the gifts are not a quid pro quo, between man and deity, but are gifts of "honour, esteem, and favour", from man to deity. Sorry, Socrates, I have to go.". Plato was a student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle. He then tells the story, similar to the story of prosecuting his father, about Zeus and Cronos. Soc THEREFORE Gifts of honour and esteem from man to deity What was Euthyphro's second definition of piety? Myanmar: How did Burmese nationalism lead to ethnic discrimination in Myanmar despite moves toward democracy in that country? Def 4: Euthyphro conceives of piety and justice as interchangeable - the traditional conception of piety and justice. The former might be translated most easily as 'a thing being carried' and the latter as 'gets carried'. His father sent for an Interpreter to find out what to do, but did not care much about the life of the man, since he was a murderer and so the worker died from starvation, exposure and confinement. dutiful respect or regard for parents, homeland, etc. Here Euthyphro gives a universal definition of holiness 2) DISTINCTION = Socrates drops the active participles and substitutes them for inflected third person singular present passives so we have THE ORIGINAL PRESENT PASSIVE NEUTER PARTICIPLES + INFLECTED THIRD PERSON SINGULAR PRESENT PASSIVES. The fact that this statement contradicts itself means that the definition is logically inadequate. Euthyphro tries to do this five times, and each time Socrates argues that the definition is inadequate. Although Socrates rejects this and does not delve further into knowledge, I believe that, following the famous socratic doctrine virtue is knowledge, that knowledge is mentioned here to get the audience to think about the importance of knowledge with regard to moral virtue - whether towards the gods or other others. Socrates questions whether this is the only example of piety or if there are other examples. first definition of piety piety is what euthyphro does, prosecute the wrong doer. 'Where A determines B, and B determines C, A C.'. (14e) Similarly, Socrates argues in favour of the first proposition, that an act is holy and because it is holy, is loved by the gods. Being a thing loved is dependent on being loved, but this does not apply to the inverse. "But to speak of Zeus, the agent who nurtured all this, you don't dare; for where is found fear, there is also found shame." Setting: the porch of King Archon's Court Socrates pours scorn on the idea that we can contribute to the gods' work (or happiness) in any way whatsoever. The circumstances bringing this about have a direct bearing on the case. The question, "Do the gods love piety because it is pious, or is it pious because the gods love it?" At 7a Euthyphro puts forward the following definition: "What is dear to the gods is pious, what is not is impious." Socrates shows Euthyphro that this definition leads to a contradiction if Euthyphro's assumptions about the gods are true. Then when Socrates applies the logic of causal priority to the definiens: being loved by the gods, summed up as the 'god-beloved', he discovers that the 'holy' and the 'god-beloved' are not the same thing. number > odd number VIEWS SHAME AND ODD NUMBER BOTH AS SUBDIVISIONS OF THE GREATER THING After five failed attempts to define piety, Euthyphro hurries off and leaves the question unanswered. Therefore, the fact that the holy is loved by the gods is a pathos of holiness and does not tell us about the ousia of holiness. Euthyphro has no answer to this, and it now appears that he has given no thought to the actual murder case at all. Summary and Analysis of Plato's 'Euthyphro'. Therefore on this account Euthyphro then revises his definition, so that piety is only that which is loved by all of the gods unanimously (9e). The word Plato uses for 'standard' is the Greek term idea, by which he refers to the entities of his notorious Theory of Ideas in the middle-period dialogues. Plato's writing questioned justice, equality, and philosophy. The concluding section of Socrates' dialogue with Euthyphro offers us clear direction on where to look for a Socratic definition of piety. But Socrates, true to his general outlook, tends to stress the broader sense. The English term "piety" or "the pious" is translated from the Greek word "hosion." 1) Socrates places restraints on his argument which render such a conclusion. Socrates tells Euthyphro that he is being prosecuted by Meletus from Pitthus. SOC: THEN THE HOLY, AGAIN, IS WHAT'S APPROVED BY THE GODS. Euthyphro: gods receive gratification from humans Socrates says that Euthyphro is even more skilled than Daedalus since he is making his views go round in circles, since earlier on in the discussion they agreed that the holy and the 'divinely approved' were not the same thing. The genus = justice Definition of piety and impiety as first propose by Euthyphro: Socrates wants Euthyphro to be more specific in what he defines as piety. 1) In all these cases, Socrates suggests that the effect of the 'looking after' is for the improvement and benefit of the thing looked after, since things are not looked after to their detriment. these ideas and suggestions, it would fair to joke that he had inherited from Daedalus the tendency for his verbal creations to run off. Most people would consider it impious for a son to bring charges against his father, but Euthyphro claims to know better. 3) "looking after" = knowing how to pray and sacrifice in a way that will please the gods. A morally adequate definition of piety would explain what property piety has that sets it out from other things; Can we extract a Socratic definition of piety from the Euthyphro? Or is it the case that all that is holy is just, whereas not all that's just is holy - part of its holy and part of its different? Justice, therefore, ought to be understood as a 'primary social virtue, the standing disposition to respect and treat properly all those with whom one enters into social relations' , whether they be gods or other men. But Euthyphro can't say what that goal is. Euthyphro says "What else do you think but honor and reverence" (Cohen, Curd, and Reve 113). This amounts to saying that if we are pious, we give the gods what pleases them. everyone agrees that killing someone is wrong) but on the circumstances under which it happened/ did not happen, Socrates says: Question: "What do the gods agree on in the case?" - groom looking after horses The second inadequacy that Irwin sets out is moral inadequacy. Looking after is construed in 3 diff ways, 1) looking after qua improving or benefitting the gods Since this would not benefit the gods, what is it to them? 1st Definition: Piety is what Euthyphro is doing now, namely prosecuting wrongdoers. the use of two different phrases which are extremely similar when translated into English: and . Therefore, being loved by the gods is not 'intrinsic to what [holiness] is, but rather a universal affection or accident that belongs to all [holy] things through an external relation'. Euthyphro's definition: 'to be pious is to be god-loved' is morally inadequate. There is no such thing as piety. Socrates says he hasn't answered his question, since he wasn't asking what turns out to be equally holy and unholy - whatever is divinely approved is also divinely disapproved. (EUTHYPHRO HAS CONCEIVED PIETY AND JUSTICE TO BE CONNECTED, WHEREAS SOC SHOWS THAT THEY ARE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT, FOR JUSTICE IS MORE COMPREHENSIVE THAN PIETY) It looks like all Euthyphro has prepared for court is his argument from Greek mythology why it is pious for a son to prosecute his father. Socrates' claim that being holy has causal priority to being loved by the gods, suggests that the 'holy', or more broadly speaking, morality is independent of the divine. d. Striving to make everyone happy. Socrates' Objection:According to Euthyphro, the gods sometimes disagree among themselves about questions of justice. Socrates asks Euthyphro to consider the genus and differentia when he says: 'what part of justice is the holy?' This is clearly contradictory to the earlier assertion that there is one standard for piety, and concordantly for impiety since the impious is that which is not pious. For as Socrates says, thequestion he's asking on this occasion ishardlyatrivial, abstract issue that doesn't concern him. Socrates argues in favour of the first proposition, that an act is holy and because it is holy, is loved by the gods. Euthyphro up till this point has conceived of justice and piety as interchangeable. Socrates asks: What goal does this achieve? is Socrates' conception of religion and morality. 3rd Definition: Piety is what is loved by all the gods. (14e) Things are pious because the gods love them. 'I am trying to say this, that if something is coming to be so or is being affected, then its not the case that it gets to be so because its coming to be so, but that it's coming to be so, because it gets to be so, nor that it gets affected because it's being affected, but that it's being affected because it gets affected.' MORAL KNOWLEDGE.. Irwin sums it up as follows: 'it is plausible to claim that carried or seen things, as such, have no nature in common beyond the fact that someone carries or sees them; what makes them carried or seen is simply the fact that someone carries or sees them.'. - farmers' principal aim/ achievement is food from earth This definition cannot contradict itself and is therefore logically adequate. How does Euthyphro define piety? With the suggestion that the gods 'are not the active cause of [something] being [holy], the traditional divinities lose their explanatory role in the pursuit of piety (or justice, beauty, goodness, etc.)' 7a (13e). Soc: Everything that is holy/ unholy has one standard which determines its holiness/ unholiness. A self defeating definition. Euthyphro: it seems so to me a. S: how are the gods benefitted from what they receive from humans How does Euthyphro define piety? So why bother? Impiety is what all the gods hate. Our gifts are not actually needed by them. INFLECTED PASSIVES = HAVE A NOTION OF CAUSALITY, With the help of Socrates' careful grammatical distinctions, his point becomes clear and understood. He therefore proves that the two are not mutually exchangeable. in rlly simple terms: sthg is being led, because one leads it and it is not the case that because it's being led, one leads it. 2) looking after qua service to the gods in the same way as a slave services his master His charge is corrupting the youth. PROBLEM WITH SOCRATES' ARGUMENT Socrates is not actually expecting an answer which will solve what holiness is. 14e-15a. Euthyphro accuses Socrates' explanations of going round in circles. o 'service to doctors' = achieves health Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance: Piety is what the Gods love and Impiety is what the Gods hate. the action that one is recipient of/ receives - gets carried. It follows from this that holiness, qua (as being) 'looking after' the gods, is of benefit to the gods - an absurd claim. And yet you are as much younger than I as you are wiser; but, as I said, you are indolent on account of your wealth of wisdom. "looking after" = aims at benefit of the gods Euthyphro agrees with the latter that the holy is a division of the just. Euthyphro's definition: 'to be pious is to be god-loved' is logically inadequate. It therefore means that certain acts or deeds could therefore be considered both pious and impious. reverence for God or devout fulfillment of religious obligations: a prayer full of piety. On this definition, these things will be both pious and impious, which makes no sense. And so, piety might be 'to do those things that are in fact right, and to do them because they are right, but also to do them while respecting the gods' superior ability to know which things really are right and which are not, A third essential characteristic of Socrates' conception of piety. Similarly, things aren't pious because the gods view them in a certain way. The first essential characteristic of piety. "For fear of the gods" That is, Euthyphro should fear the gods for what he is doing. Socrates says that he is mistaken and that it is Euthyphro's statements that do so - he likens them to the work of his predecessor Daedalus. 1) THE STATEMENT THAT THE GOD-LOVED AND THE HOLY ARE TWO DIFFERENT THINGS IS PROBLEMATIC DCT thus challenging the Gods' omnipotence, how is justice introduced after the interlude: wandering arguments, Soc: see whether it doesn't seem necessary to you that everything holy is just 15d-15e. TheEuthyphroDilemmaandUtilitarianism! definition 2 Being loved by the gods is what Socrates would call a 'pathos' of being pious, since it is a result of the piety that has already been constituted. No resolution is reached by either parties at the end of the dialogue. https://www.thoughtco.com/platos-euthyphro-2670341 (accessed March 4, 2023). So we are back to Definition 2 or 3. The third definition is wrong because using the Leibnizian principle, its definiens and definiendum are not mutually replaceable, that is to say, the holy and the god-beloved are not the same thing. Therefore, piety is conceptualized as knowledge of how to ask from the gods and give to them. 2nd Definition:Piety is what is loved by the gods ("dear to the gods" in some translations); impiety is what is hated by the gods. Socrates says that he would prefer their explanations to stay put and be securely founded rather than have the wealth of Tantalus to complement his Daedalan cleverness. When he returned, the servant had died. Plato founded the Academy in Athens. Socrates says Euthyphro is Daedalus, The Trial of Socrates (399 BCE in Athens), RH6 SET DOCUMENTS - in chronological order, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. Question: What is piety? Eidos is used which is another of Plato's terms for his Ideas, often translated 'Form'. How to describe it? In the same way, if a thing loved is loved, it is because it is being loved First Definition of piety: "just what I'm doing now."Euthyphro begins to list examples of pious actions, such as charging someone for murder or any other criminal activities Rejected: Socrates doesn't accept lists as an acceptable definition. it being loved by the gods. Some philosophers argue that this is a pretty good answer. Are not the gods, indeed, always trying to accomplish simply the good? Moreover, both men radically oppose one another in their religious views: Euthyphro is an exponent of the traditional Athenian religiosity, whereas Socrates represents new intellectualism. o 'service to shipbuilders' = achieves a boat 2nd Definition : Piety is what is loved by the gods ("dear to the gods" in some translations); impiety is what is hated by the gods. Socrates' Objection: The notion of care involved here is unclear. Each of the gods may love a different aspect of piety. However, it is possible that the gods do not love P, for being a pious thing. Emrys Westacott is a professor of philosophy at Alfred University. a. Euthyphro Plato is recognized as one of the greatest philosophers of ancient Greece. - Problem of knowledge - how do we know what is pleasing to all of the gods? Euthyphro, however, believes that the gods do not dispute with another on whether one who kills someone unjustly should pay the penalty. He is known as a profound thinker who came from an aristocratic family. Euthyphro's father bound a worker hand and foot and threw him in a ditch after he killed one of the slaves. Thirdly, it rules out the possibility that the gods love 'holiness' for an incidental feature by the suggestion that they must love it for some reason intrinsic to 'holiness' . (a) Socrates' Case 2b Practical applicability means the definition must provide a standard or criterion to be used as an example to look toward when deliberating about what to do, as well as in the evaluation of an action. People laugh at a film because it has a certain intrinsic property, theproperty of being funny. He also questions whether what Euthyphro is . Socrates' Objection : That's just an example of piety, not a general definition of the concept. We gain this understanding of Socrates' conception of piety through a reading of the Euthyphro with general Socratic moral philosophy in mind and more specifically, the doctrine that virtue is knowledge. First, Euthyphro suggests that holiness is persecuting religious offenders. It seems to be with reference to the one 'idea' that both things holy and things unholy are recognised. MORALLY INADEQUATE dialogue in continuation of above That which is holy. Elenchus (Refutation): The story of Euthyphro, which is a short dialogue between Socrates and Euthyphro himself, Socrates attempts to . Therefore what happens when the analogy of distinction 2 is applied to the holy? Socrates asks who it is who is being charged with this crime. c. That which is loved by the gods. According to Merrian-Webster dictionary, piety is defined as devotion to God. (a) Is it loved because it is pious? Socrates' daimonion. However, Euthyphro wants to define piety by two simultaneously: being god-loved and some inherent pious trait, which cannot logically co-exist. But when it comes to the actual case, Euthyphro will not be able to say why his murdering servant died unjustly. is justice towards the gods. 14c SOCRATES REJECTS EUTHYPHRO'S CONCEPTION OF PIETY - Being carried denotes the state of having something done to one He then says that if this were the case, he would in fact be cleverer in his craft than Daedalus, his ancestor, since he was capable to move only his own products, not the statements of other people as well as his own. Socrates says that he was hoping to have learnt from Euthyphro what was holy and unholy, so that he could have quickly done with Meletus' prosecution and live a better life for the rest of his days. Amongst the definitions given by Euthyphro, one states that all that is beloved by the gods is pious and all that is not beloved by the gods is impious (7a). The fact that the gods vary in their love of different things means that the definition of piety varies for each of them. When E. says he has to go off, Soc says: 'you're going off and dashing me from that great hope which I entertained; that I could learn from you what was holy and quickly have done with Meletus' prosecution by demonstrating to him that I have now become wise in religion thanks to Euthyphro, and no longer improvise and innovate in ignorance of it - and moreover that I could live a better life for the rest of my days'. Euthyphro accuses Socrates' explanations of going round in circles. - Whereas gets carried denotes the action that one is at the receiving end of - i.e. By using the Platonic Theory of Forms to explain this, one could state that 'the holy' has a Form, whereas 'the god-beloved' 'answers to no Form whatsoever' , since it is something which has nothing in common beyond the fact that the Gods love it. Nonetheless, he says that he and Euthyphro can discuss myth and religion at some other point and ought to return to formulating a definition of holy. Essentialists assert the first position, conventionalists the second. Socrates uses as analogies the distinctions between being carried/ carrying, being led/ leading, being seen/ seeing to help Euthyphro out. Although Socrates generally gets the better of Euthyphro, some of what Euthyphro says makes a certain amount of sense. 100% (1 rating) Option A. Socrates asks Euthyphro what proof he has that all gods regard as unjust the death of a man who, as a hired worker, was responsible for the death of another what proof does he have that is it is correct for a son to bring a prosecution on behalf of this kind of person, and to denounce his own father for homicide. 2 practical applicability The pessimistic, defeatist mood is conveyed in Euthyphro's refusal to re-examine the matter of discussion, as Socrates suggests, and his eagerness to leave to keep an appointment. Euthyphro is overconfident with the fact that he has a strong background for religious authority. Socrates asks Euthyphro to be his teacher on matters holy and unholy, before he defends his prosecution against Meletus. Taylor explains that once justice, or rather, the adjective hosios is viewed as interchangeable with eusebes, ("well-disposed towards the gods", "religious"), as it has been traditionally , the social obligations which were contained in justice become understood. There is for us no good that we do not receive from them." If it did not have a high temperature it would not be hot, and it would be impossible for it to be hot but not have a high temperature. 'something does not get approved because it's being approved, but it's being approved because it gets approved' The gods love things because those things are pious. Euthyphro welcomes these questions and explains that piety is doing as he is doing, prosecuting murderers regardless of their relations. View the full answer. Socrates asks what good thing the gods accomplish with the help of humans/ how humans benefit the gods, 15a-15b. LOVED BY THE GODS 4th definition: Piety is that part of justice concerned with caring for the gods. Socrates: Socrates says that Euthyphro has now answered in the way he wanted him to. It is also riddled with Socratic irony: Socrates poses as the ignorant student hoping to learn . Firstly, it makes the assumption that the gods are rational beings and have a 'rational love' for the holy . In contrast to the first distinction made, Socrates makes the converse claim. Given that the definiens and definiendum are not mutually replaceable in the aforementioned propositions, Socrates, therefore, concludes that 'holy' and 'god-beloved' are not the same and that 'holy' cannot be defined as 'what all the gods love'. By the 'principle of substitutivity of definitional equivalents' / Leibnizian principle , Socrates fairly competently demonstrated that 'holy' and 'god-beloved' are not mutually replaceable. An example of a logically ADEQUATE definition would be 'to be hot is to have a high temperature'. the differentia: The portion of the definition that is not provided by the genus. Things are pious because the gods love them. He comes to this conclusion by asking: Although Socrates does concede that the two terms are co-extensive, he is keen to examine the definiens and definiendum in 'non-extensional contexts' (Geach, 'Plato's Euthyphro: An Analysis and Commentary'). Socrates says this implies some kind of trade between gods and men. Socrates' reply : Again, this is vague. Understood in a less convoluted way, the former places priority in the essence of something being god-beloved, whereas the latter places priority in the effect of the god's love: a thing becoming god-beloved. He first asks whether the god-beloved is loved by the gods because it is god-beloved or the god-beloved is god-beloved because it is loved by the gods. - the relative weight of things = resolved by weighing - when socrates asks Euthyphro to what goal's achievement services to the gods contributes. "Summary and Analysis of Plato's 'Euthyphro'." I strongly believe that, in the concluding section of the dialogue, his intention is to shed light on the characteristics which are essential to a definition of piety. Perhaps piety depends on the individual and their outlook on it. second definition of piety what is dear to the gods is pious, what is not is impious third definition of piety the pious is what all the gods love, the impious is what all the gods hate fourth definition of piety A 'divinely approved' action/person is holy, and a 'divinely disapproved' one is unholy 'What's holy is whatever all the gods approve of, what all the gods disapprove of is unholy'. BUT Socrates shows to Euthyphro that not everyone, however, admits that they are wrong, since they do not want to pay the penalty. Euthyphro says that holiness is the part of justice that looks after the gods. S = science of requests + donations Can we extract a Socratic definition of piety from the Euthyphro? S = Would it not be correct to ask the gods for what they need from us? Dad ordered hummous a delicious paste made from chick peas and sesame seeds and a salad called tabouli. by this act of approval AND IT IS NOT THAT it gets approved because it is 'divinely approved'. the gods might play an epistemological role in the moral lives of humans, as opposed to an ontological or axiological one. 9a-9b. Impiety is failing to do this. The dialogue concerns the meaning of piety, or that virtue usually regarded as a manner of living that fulfills one's duty both to gods and to humanity. But we can't improve the gods. Socrates says, tongue-in-cheek as usual, that he's delighted to find someone who's an expert on pietjust what he needs in his present situation. - suggestions of Socrates' religious unorthodoxy are recurrent in Aristophanes' play, The Clouds. Euthyphro suggests that what is piety is what is agreeable to the gods. From the start of the concluding section of the dialogue, Socrates devotes his attentions to demonstrating to Euthyphro 'the limitations of his idea of justice [] by showing Euthyphro a broader concept of justice and by distinguishing between piety and justice' . the 'divinely approved' is 'divinely approved' because it gets approved by the gods - i.e. It therefore means that certain acts or deeds could therefore be considered both pious and impious.